Lessons+11+-+13

=Lesson 11 - "Paul Revere's Ride"= toc Listen my children and you shall hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-five;

Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year. He said to his friend, "If the British march By land or sea from the town to-night, Hang a lantern aloft in the belfry arch Of the North Church tower as a signal light,--

One if by land, and two if by sea; And I on the opposite shore will be, Ready to ride and spread the alarm Through every Middlesex village and farm, For the country folk to be up and to arm." Then he said "Good-night!" and with muffled oar

Silently rowed to the Charlestown shore, Just as the moon rose over the bay, Where swinging wide at her moorings lay The Somerset, British man-of-war; A phantom ship, with each mast and spar Across the moon like a prison bar, And a huge black hulk, that was magnified By its own reflection in the tide.

Meanwhile, his friend through alley and street Wanders and watches, with eager ears, Till in the silence around him he hears The muster of men at the barrack door, The sound of arms, and the tramp of feet,

And the measured tread of the grenadiers, Marching down to their boats on the shore.

Then he climbed the tower of the Old North Church, By the wooden stairs, with stealthy tread, To the belfry chamber overhead, And startled the pigeons from their perch On the sombre rafters, that round him made Masses and moving shapes of shade,-- By the trembling ladder, steep and tall, To the highest window in the wall, Where he paused to listen and look down A moment on the roofs of the town And the moonlight flowing over all. Beneath, in the churchyard, lay the dead, In their night encampment on the hill, Wrapped in silence so deep and still That he could hear, like a sentinel's tread, The watchful night-wind, as it went Creeping along from tent to tent, And seeming to whisper, "All is well!" A moment only he feels the spell Of the place and the hour, and the secret dread Of the lonely belfry and the dead; For suddenly all his thoughts are bent On a shadowy something far away, Where the river widens to meet the bay,-- A line of black that bends and floats On the rising tide like a bridge of boats. Meanwhile, impatient to mount and ride, Booted and spurred, with a heavy stride On the opposite shore walked Paul Revere. Now he patted his horse's side, Now he gazed at the landscape far and near, Then, impetuous, stamped the earth, And turned and tightened his saddle girth; But mostly he watched with eager search The belfry tower of the Old North Church, As it rose above the graves on the hill, Lonely and spectral and sombre and still. And lo! as he looks, on the belfry's height A glimmer, and then a gleam of light! He springs to the saddle, the bridle he turns, But lingers and gazes, till full on his sight A second lamp in the belfry burns.

aloft impetuous linger measured mooring muffled muster somber spectral stealthy
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=Lesson 12 - __Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl__= Last week there was a brief interruption in our monotonous routine. This was provided by Peter - and a book about women, I should explain that Margot and Peter are allowed to read nearly all the books Mr. Kleiman lends us. But the adults preferred to keep this special book to themselves. This immediately piqued Peter's curiosity. What forbidden fruit did it contain? He snuck off with it when his other was downstairs talking, and took himself and his booty to the loft. For two days all was well. Mrs.van Daan knew what he was up to, but kept mum until Mr. vanDaan found out about hit. He threw a fit, took the book away and assumed that would be the end of this business. However, he neglected to take his son's curiosity into account. Peter, not in the least fazed by his gather;s swift action, began thinking up ways to read the rest of this vastly interesting book.

In the meantime, Mrs. van Daan asked Mother for her opinion. Mother didn't think this particular book was suitable for Margot, but she saw no harm in letting her read most other books.

"You see, Mrs. van Daan," Mother said, "there's a big difference between Margot and Peter/ To begin with, Margot is a girl, and girls are always more mature than boys. Second, she's already read many serious books and doesn't go looking for those which are no longer forbidden. Third, Margot's much more sensible and intellectually advanced, as a result of her four years at an excellent school."

assume curiosity faze forbidden intellectually interruption monotonous neglect pique routine
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=Lesson 13 - __Math Trek: Adventures in the Math Zone__= It has taken more than one hundred years for mathematicians to prove that four colors are always enough to complete every conceivable map that can be drawn on a flat piece of paper, with no neighboring territories sharing the same color.

The problem was first posed in a letter that Francis Guthrie, a student in England, wrote to his younger brother, Frederic, in 1852. Frederick, in turn, described the problem to his college math instructor, the prominent British mathematician Augustus De Morgan. The problem intrigued De Morgan, and he quickly realized that it wasn't as simple to solve as it sounded. Word of the four-colored-map problem spread quickly..

Another English mathematician, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, worked on the four-colored-map problem. Dodgson figured out that four colors would be needed for the type of map shown below, which resembles. . . the area around Luxenmbourg on a map of western Europe.



In 1879, Alfred Bray Kemoe, a British lawyer and amateur mathematician, announced that he had found a step-by-step map-coloring procedure guaranteeing that no more than four colors would be needed for any map. His argument was convincing, but 11 years later, someone found a loophole. There were a few special, complicated cases that Kempe's method did not cover.

Finally, in 1976, two math professors at the University o f Illinois, Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken, came up with a proof of the four-color-map-coloring theorem. One of the bigger problems in mathematics had finally been solved. Mathematicians around the world cheered and celebrated.

Anyone who tried to study the proof was in for a shock, however, it was one of the longest mathematical proofs, that anyone had ever come up with. The writing and diagrams filled hundreds of pages. It was the first time mathematicians had ever relied on a computer to calculate and verify certain facts needed for their proof.

The computer allowed Appel and Haken to analyze a huge number of possible types of maps. If anyone had tried to do that job by hand, it would have taken almost forever.

Even now, some mathematicians still wonder whether there might be a tiny error in the proof. The complex computer software, could have been faulty, or the method of mathematical reasoning could have been flawed. Their general consensus however, is that the proof is probably correct.

Someday, someone may find a shorter proof, but it's possible that there really is no easier way to prove the four-color-map theorem. Sometimes a short, simple mathematical idea calls for an incredibly complicated proof.

amateur consensus flawed guarantee intrigue method pose prominent resemble verify
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Review Lessons 11 - 13 =Unit Test Lessons 11 - 13=